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Lack of sleep increases food cravings |
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Written by Harry Jackson, Jr., MCT
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Friday, 24 August 2007 |
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If you can't tame your appetite and your weight keeps rising, you may not be getting enough sleep.
Poor sleep habits have become so closely associated with obesity that some scientists want obesity therapists to address sleep with the same intensity as diet and exercise, according to the National Sleep Foundation.
"There's an association between (poor, inadequate) sleep and obesity," said Dr. Joseph Ojile, head of the Clayton Sleep Institute.
There's also a double whammy, said Dr. Joseph Espiritu, an expert in sleep medicine with St. Louis University School of Medicine.
Once you're obese, you're more prone to sleep apnea, the collapse of the upper windpipe which interrupts breathing during sleep. That's the vicious circle: sleep apnea can help cause obesity, and obesity can cause sleep apnea.
For decades, studies found that overweight and obese people tended to have poor sleep habits. But all the evidence was statistical, not scientific.
The physiological proof — albeit in a relatively small study — came in December of 2004 when a University of Chicago researcher in endocrinology, Eve van Cauter, found that poor sleep disrupted two hormones associated with appetite.
It works this way:
Sleep and insulin choreograph the dance between leptin, which tells the brain there's no need for food, and ghrelin, which tells the brain it's chow time.
Poor sleep, researchers learned, causes the dancers to start tripping over one another.
Here's what happened: The test subjects slept only four hours a night rather than eight. In only two nights, the hormones malfunctioned.
Leptin production decreased by 18 percent; ghrelin production increased by 28 percent.
On top of that, the test subjects — healthy, young, male college students — started eating like they were at a frat party. They reported craving more high-calorie, high-density, high-carbohydrate foods — including a 24 percent increase in appetite for candy, cookies, chips, nuts and starchy foods such as bread and pasta.
A week into the experiment, blood tests showed an inability to use insulin so intense that it mimicked diabetes. Also, lack of sleep increased the production of cortisol, a hormone associated with increased belly fat.
The researchers concluded that sleep starvation boosted appetite; increased appetite caused overeating; overeating caused weight gain. Weight gain causes obesity.
A major effect of the study has been to change the medical community's perception that sleep problems only cause mental problems, not physical problems, experts say.
While the medical community is encouraged, researchers want bigger studies on a bigger selection of people and a wider range of physiological effects before saying poor sleep actually "causes" obesity.
"But the association is clear," Ojile said. "As a health-conscious society, this is enough data that we should incorporate good sleep health into our total health package.
"If I'm going to go exercise, watch my diet, go low-fat, good sleep should be part of that."
As for the test subjects from the University of Chicago study, all of them returned to normal health immediately upon paying their "sleep debt," the amount of sleep they lost during they study.
Dietitian Lisa Galati of St. Anthony's Medical Center said that, after 25 years of connecting the dots, she found that many of her clients who needed help with obesity also needed help with sleeping problems.
One of the first questions she asks her patients is how much sleep are they getting. "They look at me as if to say, `Why are you asking that?'"
She said she finds a concentration of people with sleep-weight problems in high-tension corporate jobs. She sends them to their doctors for sleep assessments, she said.
After a while, she said, "They come back to me and say they're feeling better or they had sleep apnea and didn't know it."
Among her first questions are: Do you sleep uninterrupted for at least seven hours a night? And do you wake up and have trouble returning to sleep or do you go over your work or get up and get something to eat?
"I know their sleeping pattern is a whole part of the package," Galati said. "Those are the people who will be less motivated to make changes in their lives because during the day they're just tired."
The parallel between sleep deprivation and American weight gain has nudged scientists for decades.
The University of Chicago study and the National Sleep Foundation note that in 1960 only one out of four adults was overweight and about one out of nine was considered obese. By 2002, two out of three adults were overweight and nearly one out of three obese.
In that same time period, American adults cut their average sleep time by nearly two hours. In 1960, U.S. adults slept an average of 8.5 hours a night.
By 2002, that had fallen to less than seven hours a night.
Meanwhile, doctors in sleep therapy centers generally don't see patients for obesity problems. Patients visit for sleep problems, and weight loss might be a byproduct.
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MOTHERS ARE ESPECIALLY VULNERABLE
Mothers with young children rival shift workers for the inability to get regular sleep.
The Academy offers these tips:
• Get out of bed at the same time each morning; that means strive to go to bed at the same time.
• Make your bedroom cool and comfortable.
• Don't stay in bed and try to sleep. If, in 10-15 minutes, you are struggling to fall asleep, get up and move to another room and do something distracting but not stimulating. Read or perhaps listen to soft music.
• Use the bedroom for sleep and sex. Don't pay bills, watch TV or eat.
• Don't clock-watch.
• Avoid alcohol near bedtime and avoid caffeine after noon.
• Relax before bed. This means you allow yourself time to unwind. Just as you nurture little ones to help them unwind, you need time for this yourself.
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STATISTICS ON WOMEN WITH SLEEP PROBLEMS:
Following are statistics and facts published by the National Sleep Foundation. The NSF's Sleep America Poll asked questions of women 18 to 64 years old.
• 60 percent of American women say they only get a good night's sleep a few nights per week or less.
• 67 percent say they frequently experience a sleep problem.
• Additionally, 43 percent say that daytime sleepiness interferes with their daily activities.
• Women's lack of sleep causes them to be late for work, stressed out, too tired for sex and leaves them little time for their friends.
• 72 percent of working mothers and 68 percent of single women are more likely to experience symptoms of sleep problems such as insomnia.
• 74 percent of stay-at-home mothers report a high level of overall sleep problems; 59 percent saying they frequently wake up feeling unrefreshed.
• 80 percent of women say that when they experience sleepiness during the day they just accept it and keep going.
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SYMPTOMS OF SLEEP PROBLEMS
Talk to your doctor about more serious symptoms, but these should lead you to question your condition.
• Daytime fatigue.
• Dozing at your desk, or worse, at a steering wheel.
• Memory problems.
• Frequent colds.
• Depression.
• Using alcohol or over-the-counter drugs to sleep.
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